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A world without public health would result in expensive after-the-fact medical interventions, progressively growing epidemics that could turn to pandemics, higher mortality rate in many areas, and no policy to regulate the environments we live and work in. Many advancements were made during the 2000s that have contributed to lowering the mortality rate for many diseases. According to Sultz and Young, “Many new vaccines were introduced including rotavirus, meningococcal, herpes zoster, pneumococcal, and papillomavirus. A 2011 economic analysis on the use of vaccines reported that vaccination of each U.S. birth cohort using the current childhood immunization schedule prevents approximately 42,000 deaths and 20 million cases of disease, with net cost savings of nearly $14 billion in direct costs and $69 billion in total societal costs.” That is just some things that have happened in our time. Think about the bubonic plague which was also known as the black plague or black death. Public streets were infested with trash and fecal matter due to lack of better ways to dispose of it. If advancements such as plumbing, and trash collection or disposal didn’t exist would the black plague still be an issue today? We can also look at areas of pubic health such as regulating fire arms, the work place, tobacco use and health codes in buildings and restaurants. The mortality rate of gun shot wounds would increase as well as injury and illness due to lack of regulating our environments in which we live and work.